Table 1 Patient characteristics of the two centers used for model development
Variables (unit) | Total (N = 202) | BJ (N = 100) | PU (N = 102) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | ||||
Age (year) | 65.1 (10.5) | 65.9 (10.6) | 64.3 (10.4) | 0.272 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | 0.491 |
 Male | 81 (40.1%) | 43 (43.0%) | 38 (37.3%) |  |
 Female | 121 (59.9%) | 57 (57.0%) | 64 (62.7%) |  |
POD (day) | 16.0 (13.5) | 20.2 (15.1) | 11.9 (10.4) | <0.001* |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.5 (3.29) | 24.6 (3.42) | 24.4 (3.18) | 0.601 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Gallstones (GS) | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
 No (n) | 137 (67.8%) | 83 (83.0%) | 54 (52.9%) |  |
 Yes (n) | 65 (32.2%) | 17 (17.0%) | 48 (47.1%) |  |
Jaundice (JAU) | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* |
 No (n) | 170 (84.2%) | 93 (93.0%) | 77 (75.5%) |  |
 Yes (n) | 32 (15.8%) | 7 (7.00%) | 25 (24.5%) |  |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) | Â | Â | 0.797 | |
 No (n) | 172 (85.1%) | 84 (84.0%) | 88 (86.3%) |  |
 Yes (n) | 30 (14.9%) | 16 (16.0%) | 14 (13.7%) |  |
Hypertension (HTN) | Â | Â | <0.001* | |
 No (n) | 157 (77.7%) | 94 (94.0%) | 63 (61.8%) |  |
 Yes (n) | 45 (22.3%) | 6 (6.00%) | 39 (38.2%) |  |
Heart disease (HD) | Â | Â | Â | 0.001* |
 No (n) | 190 (94.1%) | 100 (100%) | 90 (88.2%) |  |
 Yes (n) | 12 (5.94%) | 0 (0.00%) | 12 (11.8%) |  |
aCCI | 7.52 (13.9) | 9.49 (10.5) | 3.80 (9.54) | <0.001* |
Laboratory results | ||||
Mono (×109/L) | 0.49 (0.65) | 0.47 (0.18) | 0.50 (0.89) | 0.739 |
NEU (×109/L) | 4.55 (4.34) | 4.34 (2.55) | 4.77 (5.57) | 0.477 |
LYM (×109/L) | 1.70 (0.99) | 1.75 (1.24) | 1.66 (0.67) | 0.549 |
PLT (×109/L) | 233 (55.6) | 236 (27.6) | 230 (73.4) | 0.495 |
TBIL (µmol/L) | 35.8 (74.6) | 39.8 (81.7) | 31.8 (67.0) | 0.445 |
ALB (g/L) | 40.0 (4.68) | 39.4 (4.77) | 40.6 (4.54) | 0.085 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.76 (1.14) | 4.67 (1.02) | 4.85 (1.25) | 0.279 |
FIN (g/L) | 3.67 (1.11) | 3.72 (1.16) | 3.63 (1.07) | 0.609 |
CEA (µg/L) | 15.6 (42.2) | 18.3 (52.3) | 12.9 (29.2) | 0.360 |
CA125 (U/mL) | 36.1 (39.6) | 37.8 (49.7) | 34.4 (26.2) | 0.542 |
CA199 (U/mL) | 561 (1488) | 572 (1730) | 550 (1213) | 0.916 |
Perioperative factors | ||||
ASA levels | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
 1 | 97 (48.0%) | 78 (78.0%) | 19 (18.6%) |  |
 2 | 93 (46.0%) | 22 (22.0%) | 71 (69.6%) |  |
 3 | 12 (5.94%) | 0 (0.00%) | 12 (11.8%) |  |
OD (min) | 195 (108) | 202 (113) | 187 (104) | 0.323 |
BLD (mL) | 324 (353) | 409 (430) | 240 (230) | 0.001* |
TRF | Â | Â | Â | 0.222 |
 No | 166 (82.2%) | 86 (86.0%) | 80 (78.4%) |  |
 Yes | 36 (17.8%) | 14 (14.0%) | 22 (21.6%) |  |
POC (Clavien-Dindo levels) | Â | Â | <0.001* | |
 0 | 133 (65.8%) | 53 (53.0%) | 80 (78.4%) |  |
 1 | 25 (12.4%) | 10 (10.0%) | 15 (14.7%) |  |
 2 | 38 (18.8%) | 35 (35.0%) | 3 (2.94%) |  |
 3 | 1 (0.50%) | 0 (0.00%) | 1 (0.98%) |  |
 4 | 2 (0.99%) | 2 (2.00%) | 0 (0.00%) |  |
 5 | 3 (1.49%) | 0 (0.00%) | 3 (2.94%) |  |
Clinico-pathological factors | ||||
DF | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
 High | 55 (27.2%) | 15 (15.0%) | 40 (39.2%) |  |
 Low-Medium | 147 (72.8%) | 85 (85.0%) | 62 (60.8%) |  |
LN | Â | Â | Â | 0.382 |
 No | 116 (57.4%) | 61 (61.0%) | 55 (53.9%) |  |
 Yes | 86 (42.6%) | 39 (39.0%) | 47 (46.1%) |  |
R0 | Â | Â | Â | <0.001* |
 No | 43 (21.3%) | 5 (5.00%) | 38 (37.3%) |  |
 Yes | 159 (78.7%) | 95 (95.0%) | 64 (62.7%) |  |
TNM stages | Â | Â | Â | 0.129 |
 1  | 26 (12.9%) | 11 (11.0%) | 15 (14.7%) |  |
 2 | 29 (14.4%) | 20 (20.0%) | 9 (8.82%) |  |
 3 | 116 (57.4%) | 53 (53.0%) | 63 (61.8%) |  |
 4 | 31 (15.3%) | 16 (16.0%) | 15 (14.7%) |  |