Table 1 The role of DNA methylation in TC

Hypermethylation

RASSF1A

Human TC cell lines and primary thyroid tumor samples from patients, including both benign and malignant tumors.

Regulating cell cycle and apoptosis

[19]

Hypermethylation

P16

74 PTC samples and 21 adjacent normal thyroid tissues

disrupting cell cycle control

[20]

Hypermethylation

TIMP3

Thyroid Tumor Samples: The cohort included 44 thyroid cancer samples and 44 benign thyroid lesions.

Adjacent Normal Thyroid Tissue: Additionally, 15 samples of adjacent normal thyroid tissue were examined.

Inhibiting invasion and metastasis by inhibiting MMPs

[21]

Hypermethylation

ATF3

Cell Lines: The study employed thyroid cancer cell lines to investigate the effects of ATF3 silencing and its subsequent impact on gene expression and pathway regulation.

Clinical Samples: Tumor tissues from patients with thyroid cancer were used to analyze the methylation status of the ATF3 gene. These samples helped establish the correlation between ATF3 methylation and the progression of thyroid cancer.

Inhibiting the proliferation and migration of TC cells

[22]

Hypermethylation

OGG1

Malignant thyroid tissues from patients with PTC

Impairing the BER pathway

[23]

Hypermethylation

ATM

Thyroid Tumor Samples: The cohort included 44 thyroid cancer samples and 44 benign thyroid lesions.

Adjacent Normal Thyroid Tissue: Additionally, 15 samples of adjacent normal thyroid tissue were examined.

Impairing DNA repair mechanisms

[21]

Hypermethylation

TSHR

Tissue samples from patients diagnosed with TC

Associated with the MAPK pathway

[24]

Hypomethylation

MAP17

Various subtypes of thyroid tumors, including papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancers

Promoting tumor growth

[25]

Hypomethylation

CTLA-4

Peripheral blood samples from 200 patients with TC and 200 healthy controls.

Enhancing evasion of immune surveillance

[26]

Hypomethylation

MAP17

Human PTC cell lines, Tumor tissues from patients with PTC and Xenograft models

Promoting EMT

[27]

Hypomethylation

TERT

Human PTC cell lines and Tumor tissues from patients with PTC

Correlating with poorer prognosis

[28]