Fig. 1
Perioperative dexmedetomidine treatment limited the growth of implanted tumor cells in tumor-bearing mice. (A) Time schedule for subcutaneously transplanted tumor, restraint stress, surgery, and in vivo bioluminescence imaging. (B) Representative bioluminescent images on days 7 and 14 after surgery. (C) Total luminescent units on day 7 after surgery (n = 4 per group). (D) Total luminescent units on day 14 after surgery (n = 4 per group). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM; *P < 0·05, **P < 0·01; one- way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test for comparison. Con, normal control group; SS, mice intraperitoneally injected with 100 µl of 1 × 105 ID8-Luc cells after subcutaneous tumor resection and intraperitoneally injected with 100 µl of saline three times a day; SSS, mice intraperitoneally injected with 100 µl of 1 × 105 ID8-Luc cells after subcutaneous tumor resection and administered restraint stress 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 100 µl saline from day 1 before surgery to day 2 after surgery; SSD-10 or SSD-20 or SSD-30,mice intraperitoneally injected with 100 µl of 1 × 105 ID8-Luc cells after subcutaneous tumor resection and administered restraint stress 30 min after intraperitoneal injection of 10 or 20 or 30 µg kg− 1 dexmedetomidine from day 1 before surgery to day 2 after surgery