Fig. 1

Study flowchart. Flowchart depicting the selection process of lesions diagnosed as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) by needle biopsy. A total of 606 lesions were initially identified, of which 397 were excluded based on the following criteria: lesion size > 1.5 cm (n = 357), multicentric lesion (n = 26), clinical node positivity (n = 6), and non-surgical therapy (n = 8). The remaining 209 lesions were included in the study