Fig. 4

GAA enhances the anticancer effect of DDP by promoting DNA damage in GBC cells

(A) Comet assay showing DNA damage in gallbladder cancer cells treated with different groups. The images on the left display comet formation, while the bar graph on the right shows statistical analysis of tail DNA ratio and comet tail distance. (B) Western Blot analysis of the expression of DNA damage-related proteins γH2AX, p-ATM, p-ATR, and p-p53. The bar graph on the right presents the relative quantitative analysis of these proteins in each treatment group. ^**, P < 0.05: Comparison with Control ( untreated cells group); ^##, P < 0.05: Comparison with DPP; ^&&, P < 0.05: Comparison with GAA