Fig. 1

Overall flowchart of the study. This study used the TCGA-BRCA (breast invasive carcinoma) cohort as the training set and the GSE42568 and GSE20685 datasets as the validation set. A total of 1542 cell adhesion-related genes (CARGs) were included in the study from the Molecular Signatures Database (MSigDB). Of these, 269 DECARGs were identified as differentially expressed genes in Breast invasive carcinoma (breast cancer). 3 cell adhesion related subtypes were identified by NMF algorithm. Cox and LASSO regression ultimately identified 8 genes involved in the construction of prognostic risk models. The GSE42568 and GSE20685 cohort was used for model validation. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were employed for evaluation. Mechanisms were explored using GSEA, GO, KEGG and tumour mutation load (TMB) analyses. Furthermore, immune landscapes were analysed using algorithms such as ssGSEA. Subsequently, the IMvigor210 cohort was conducted to validate the predictive value of CARGs on the efficacy of immunotherapy. Finally, drug sensitivity analyses were performed using the CellMiner database and the pRRophitic package to identify potential therapeutic agents