Fig. 2

a Forest plot of all datasets included in the meta-analysis, showing odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for local recurrence after re-excision versus no re-excision. Each horizontal line represents the 95% CI for the individual study, and the box indicates the weight of each study in the meta-analysis. The diamond represents the pooled odds ratio and its 95% CI. A random-effects model was applied to account for potential heterogeneity between studies. DCIS = ductal carcinoma in situ; IDC = invasive ductal carcinoma; ILC = invasive lobular carcinoma; BCS = breast-conserving surgery. b Forest plot of the subgroup meta-analysis for studies and datasets that included only patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Each horizontal line represents the 95% confidence interval (CI) for an individual study, and the box indicates the weight of the study in the meta-analysis. The diamond represents the pooled odds ratio (OR) and its 95% CI. A random-effects model was applied to account for potential heterogeneity between studies. c Forest plot of the subgroup meta-analysis for studies and datasets including patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancer (IBC), with approximately 10 years of follow-up. Each horizontal line represents the 95% confidence interval (CI) for an individual study, and the box size reflects the weight of the study in the meta-analysis. The diamond represents the pooled odds ratio (OR) and its 95% CI. A random-effects model was applied to account for potential heterogeneity between studies