Fig. 2

Workflow diagram of this study. Model development and visualization include: a machine learning model based on MRI radiomics (A), a deep transfer learning model utilizing a pre-trained ResNet101 (B), and a fusion model integrating deep learning with radiomics (C). MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; ROI, region of interest; SHAP, shapley additive explanations; Grad-CAM, gradient-weighted class activation mapping