Exercise therapy: an effective approach to mitigate the risk of cancer metastasis

Table 2 Attributes of various exercise modalities

Type of exercise	Characteristic	Cancer type and stage
Aerobic exercise	Enhances cardiorespiratory fitness, boosts immunity and reduces inflammation levels	Breast cancer, Stage I-II [121, 124]
Resistance training	Increase muscle strength and endurance, improve muscle mass	Head and neck cancer, Stage I-IV [112, 120, 125]
HIIT	Regulates metabolic pathways and inhibits tumor growth	Lung cancer, Stage I-II [113, 126]
Flexibility Exercise	Improves joint mobility, reduces pain, reduces anxiety and depression	Breast cancer, Postoperative [115, 127]
balance training	Prevents falls, especially for elderly patients	Colorectal cancer, Stage III-IV [111, 128]
Core Strength Training	Focus on the muscles of the abdomen, reduce lower back pain	Breast Cancer, Stage I-II [129]
functional training	Improve self-care skills by imitating daily life actions	Geriatric oncology, Entire stage [130]
Aquatic exercise	Utilizes the buoyancy of water to reduce stress on joints, suitable for patients with joint problems or obesity	Colon cancer, Stage III [131]

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