Table 3 Exercise intervention strategies for different metastatic sites
From: Exercise therapy: an effective approach to mitigate the risk of cancer metastasis
Metastatic sites | Common symptoms | Type of exercise | Relevant research |
|---|---|---|---|
Bone metastasis | Fragile bones, susceptible to fractures and complications | Low-impact exercise (walking, swimming, gentle stretching); moderate strength training under professional supervision | Moderate strength training strengthens muscles, reduces bone load, relieves pain and improves stability [140] |
Lung metastasis | Difficulty breathing, fatigue | Appropriate aerobic exercise (jogging, cycling, swimming) | Regular low-intensity aerobic exercise improves lung function, reduces dyspnea and improves quality of life [141] |
Liver metastasis | Low exercise tolerance and fatigue | Low intensity, short duration exercise (yoga, Tai Chi) | Light stretching relieves liver area discomfort and promotes overall health [142] |
Brain metastasis | Cognitive decline, balance disorders | Balance training (standing balance exercises, gait training); light aerobic exercise (stationary bike riding) | Exercise therapy combined with cognitive training slows cognitive deterioration, increases independence in life [143] |
Lymphatic node metastasis | lymphoedema | Moderate resistance exercises, stretching exercises | Resistance exercise reduces risk of lymphedema and improves upper extremity mobility [144] |
Skin metastasis | Fragile and vulnerable skin | Low-intensity exercise such as Tai Chi and gentle yoga; avoid friction or strenuous stretches | Promotes blood circulation and strengthens immunity without causing excessive skin irritation [145] |
Gastrointestinal metastasis | Indigestion, loss of energy | Low to moderate intensity cardio, light resistance training | Moderate aerobic exercise helps improve digestive function and reduce abdominal discomfort [147] |